Fecal occult blood test and fecal immunochemical test are the most common stool tests to diagnose conditions that cause bleeding in the gastrointestinal system, including colorectal cancer and stomach cancer, because cancers, and precancerous lesions to a lesser extent, shed abnormal cells into the stool.

A serological test is a diagnostic method used to identify antibodies and antigens in a patient’s sample. Serological tests may be performed to diagnose infections and autoimmune illnesses, to check immunity to certain diseases, or to determine an individual’s blood type.

A semen analysis, also called a seminogram or spermiogram, evaluates certain characteristics of a male’s semen and sperm. It is done to help evaluate male fertility for those seeking pregnancy or verifying the success of vasectomy.

Pathology is a branch of medical science primarily concerned with the cause, origin, and nature of the disease. It involves studying and diagnosing disease through the examination of tissues, organs, bodily fluids, and autopsies.

Parasitology studies parasites, their hosts, and the relationship between them. The scope of parasitology, however, is not determined by the organism or environment in question. It is outlined by their way of life.

Microbiology is the study of microscopic organisms such as bacteria, viruses, archaea, fungi, and protozoa. It includes research on the biochemistry, physiology, cell biology, ecology, evolution, and clinical aspects of microorganisms.

Immunology is a very important branch of medical and biological science that studies the immune system. Our immune system has various lines of defense that protect us from infection. If it is not functioning well, this can result in diseases such as autoimmunity, allergy, or cancer.

Hormones are chemical messengers secreted into the bloodstream. Blood carries them to organs and tissues of the body to exert their functions. Different types of hormones act on different aspects of bodily functions and processes.

Hematology studies blood, blood-forming organs, and blood diseases. It encompasses the treatment of blood disorders and malignancies such as types of hemophilia, leukemia, lymphoma, and sickle-cell anemia.

Cytology usually exams a single cell type found in fluid specimens. Cytology exam is mainly used to diagnose or screen for cancer. It is also used to test for fetal defects, perform pap smears, detect infectious organisms, and for other screening and diagnostic procedures.